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Division 1 - Chapter 8

Chapter 8 - The Digestive System

 

8.0 Introduction

8.1 Upper Digestive Tract: Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Small Intestine and Pancreas

8.2 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Colon and Rectum

8.3 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Anus

8.4 Surgically Created Stomas

8.5 Liver: Chronic Hepatitis and Parenchymal Liver Disease

8.6 Biliary Tract

8.7 Hernias of the Abdominal Wall

8.0 Introduction

In conducting an assessment, the assessor must have regard to the Principles of Assessment and the definitions contained in the Glossary.

'Activities of Daily Living' are activities which an employee needs to perform to function in a non-specific environment (that is, to live). Performance of Activities of Daily Living is measured by reference to primary biological and psychosocial function.

For the purposes of Chapter 8, Activities of Daily Living are those in Figure 8-A.

Figure 8-A: Activities of Daily Living

Activity

Examples

Self care, personal hygiene.

Bathing, grooming, dressing, eating, eliminating.

Communication.

Hearing, speaking, reading, writing, using keyboard.

Physical activity.

Standing, sitting, reclining, walking, stooping, squatting, kneeling, reaching, bending, twisting, leaning, carrying, lifting, pulling, pushing, climbing, exercising.

Sensory function.

Tactile feeling.

Hand functions.

Grasping, holding, pinching, percussive movements, sensory discrimination.

Travel.

Driving or travelling as a passenger.

Sexual function.

Participating in desired sexual activity.

Sleep.

Having a restful sleep pattern.

Social and recreational.

Participating in individual or group activities, sports activities, hobbies.

Tables 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 refer to primary and secondary criteria. All criteria, from both categories (except where otherwise stipulated), must be met before a WPI rating can be assigned.

Where the condition being assessed interferes with chewing and/or swallowing, assessment is made under whichever of the following tables describes the impairment most specifically:

For the same condition, WPI ratings derived from Table 12.5.6 may not be combined with WPI ratings derived from Table 7.7.

Other complications of bleeding disorders assessed under Table 13.3: Haemorrhagic Disorders and Platelet Disorders (Chapter 13 - The Haematopoietic System) may also be assessed under tables in Chapter 8, according to the site of the blood loss. The WPI rating so obtained should be combined with the WPI rating obtained from Table 13.3.

Where applicable, Body Mass Index (BMI) values are used as the objective assessment for weight. See Figure 8-B below for calculation of BMI values.

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Calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as follows:

Weight (kg)
_________

Height2 (m)

The value obtained should be rounded to the nearest whole number.

Figure 8-B: Body Mass Index Criteria

BMI

Category

Health Risk

<18

Very underweight

Long-term hazard to health.

18-20

Underweight

Low risk to health.

20-25

Acceptable

Least risk for morbidity and minimal mortality.

25-30

Overweight

Low risk to health.

30-40

Morbid obesity

High degree of risk to health.

8.1 Upper Digestive Tract: Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Small Intestine and Pancreas

Table 8.1: Upper Digestive Tract:
Oesophagus, Stomach, Duodenum, Small Intestine and Pancreas

See notes to Table 8.1 at top of following page.

% WPI

Primary Criteria

Secondary Criteria

0

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease with or without anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

Continuous drug treatment not required to control symptoms.

10

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

ONE of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment required to control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions required to control symptoms or signs.

20

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

BOTH of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment required to control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions required to control symptoms or signs.

30

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

Any ONE of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment does not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions do not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

40

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

Any TWO of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment does not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions do not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

50

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

ALL of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment does not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions do not completely control symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

60

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

ALL of the following:

  • Continuous drug treatment has little effect on symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Appropriate dietary restrictions have little effect on symptoms, signs or nutritional deficiency;
  • Assistance required with most or all Activities of Daily Living;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

70

Symptoms of upper digestive tract disease, with anatomic loss or pathologic alteration present.

ALL of the following:

  • Severe impairment of nutritional status uncontrolled by any treatment or dietary restrictions;
  • Assistance required with all Activities of Daily Living;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

Notes to Table 8.1

1. Continuous drug treatment includes H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids, and pancreatic enzyme supplement.

2. Continuous drug treatment does not include antacids, or mixed antacid and alginic acid preparations.

3. Restrictive diet does not include the avoidance of a few, or selected, food items. It refers to special diets devised to manage symptoms of the disease and maximise nutrition (for example, lactose-free diet, gluten-free diet).

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8.2 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Colon and Rectum

Table 8.2: Lower Gastrointestinal Tract - Colon and Rectum

See notes to Table 8.2 on following page, immediately below Table.

% WPI

Primary Criteria

Secondary Criteria

0

Signs and/or symptoms of colonic or rectal disease occur infrequently, and/or are of brief duration.

No requirement for any of the following as short term treatment:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

No systemic manifestations.

Weight and nutrition can be maintained at desirable level.

10

Signs and/or symptoms of colonic or rectal disease occur more frequently, and/or are of longer duration.

Generally no requirement for any of the following as long-term treatment to control disease although may be needed short term:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

No systemic manifestations.

Weight and nutrition can be maintained at desirable level.

20

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

Requirement for at least ONE of the following as long-term treatment to control disease:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

No systemic manifestations.

Weight and nutrition can be maintained at desirable level.

30

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

Requirement for ALL of the following as long-term treatment to control disease:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

No systemic manifestations.

Weight and nutrition can be maintained at desirable level.

40

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

Requirement for ALL of the following as long-term treatment to control disease:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

Requirement for ONE of the following:

  • Systemic manifestations (for example, fever, anaemia);
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

50

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

Requirement for ALL of the following as long-term treatment to control disease:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

Requirement for BOTH of the following:

  • Systemic manifestations (for example, fever, anaemia);
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

60

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

NONE of the following long-term treatments control the disease:

  • Limitation to Activities of Daily Living;
  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

Requirement for at least ONE of the following:

  • Systemic manifestations (for example, fever, anaemia);
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

70

Objective evidence of colonic or rectal disease, with anatomic loss or alteration.

NONE of the following long-term treatments control the disease:

  • Restrictive diet;
  • Medication.

Requirement for ALL of the following:

  • Systemic manifestations (for example, fever, anaemia);
  • Assistance required with ALL Activities of Daily Living;
  • Weight loss with a BMI<20.

Notes to Table 8.2

1. Medication does not include fibre supplements, vitamins or other nutritional supplements (unless there is a demonstrated vitamin deficiency), or over the counter preparations.

2. Restrictive diet does not include the avoidance of a few, or selected, food items. It refers to special diets devised to manage the symptoms of the disease and maximise nutrition (for example, lactose free diet, gluten free diet).

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8.3 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract - Anus

Where the anal disorder is part of a colo-rectal disorder (for example, Crohn's Disease), WPI ratings from Tables 8.2: Lower Gastrointestinal Tract: Colon and Rectum and Table 8.3 may be combined using the Combined Values Chart (see Appendix 1).

Table 8.3: Lower Gastrointestinal Tract - Anus

% WPI

Primary Criteria

Secondary Criteria

0

Signs of organic anal disease are present;

or

There is anatomic loss or alteration.

Incontinence of gas, or mild or intermittent anal symptoms controlled by treatment.

10

Signs of organic anal disease are present;

or

There is anatomic loss or alteration.

Mild incontinence of gas;

and/or

Liquid stool;

and

Mild or intermittent anal symptoms controlled by treatment.

20

Signs of organic anal disease are present;

or

There is anatomic loss or alteration.

Moderate faecal incontinence requiring daily treatment;

and

Continual anal symptoms incompletely controlled by treatment.

30

Signs of organic anal disease are present;

or

There is anatomic loss or alteration.

Moderate faecal incontinence requiring daily treatment;

and

Continual anal symptoms incompletely controlled by treatment.

40

Signs of organic anal disease are present;

or

There is anatomic loss or alteration.

Complete faecal incontinence despite treatment;

and

Signs of organic anal disease with severe symptoms unresponsive or not amenable to treatment.




8.4 Surgically Created Stomas

Using the Combined Values Chart (see Appendix 1), WPI ratings obtained from Table 8.4 may be combined with WPI ratings from other digestive system tables in Chapter 8, and with WPI ratings from Table 7.7: Chewing and Swallowing (Chapter 7 - Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders).

Table 8.4: Surgically Created Stomas

See note to Table 8.4 immediately following Table.

% WPI

Criteria

10

Colostomy.

15

Ileostomy.

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

20

Jejunostomy.

Gastrostomy.

Oesophagostomy.

 

Note to Table 8.4

1. Assessment for surgically created stomas is only allowed when the stoma is permanent and not a defunctioning or temporary stoma.

8.5 Liver: Chronic Hepatitis and Parenchymal Liver Disease

Table 8.5: Liver (Chronic Hepatitis and Parenchymal Liver Disease)

See notes to Table 8.5 immediately following Table.

% WPI

Primary Criteria

Secondary Criteria

0

Evidence of persistent or intermittent liver disease.

Histologic severity - very mild.

Liver function tests may be normal or mildly abnormal.

No history of jaundice, ascites or bleeding oesophageal varices in the last 3 years.

Good nutritional state.

15

Evidence of persistent liver disease.

Histologic severity - mild.

Biochemistry abnormal.

No history of jaundice, ascites, or bleeding oesophageal varices, in the last 3 years.

Good nutritional state.

30

Evidence of chronic liver disease.

Histologic severity - moderate.

Biochemistry abnormal.

History of jaundice, ascites, or bleeding oesophageal varices, in the last 12 months.

Good nutritional state

40

Evidence of progressive chronic liver disease.

Histologic severity - severe.

Biochemistry abnormal.

History of jaundice, ascites, or bleeding oesophageal varices, in the last 12 months.

Good nutritional state.

Easily fatigued.

50

Evidence of progressive chronic liver disease.

Histologic severity - chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis.

Biochemistry abnormal.

History of jaundice, ascites, and/or bleeding oesophageal varices, in the last 12 months.

Nutritional state adversely affected.

Fatigue and physical weakness.

65

Evidence of progressive chronic liver disease.

Histologic severity - chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis.

Persistent signs of hepatic insufficiency.

Biochemistry abnormal.

History of jaundice, ascites, and/or bleeding oesophageal varices in the last 12 months.

Nutritional state adversely affected.

Profound fatigue and physical weakness.

75

Evidence of advanced and irreparable chronic liver disease.

Histologic severity - chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis.

Persistent signs of advanced hepatic insufficiency.

Biochemistry abnormal.

History of jaundice, ascites, and/or bleeding oesophageal varices, in the last 12 months.

Nutritional state adversely affected.

Profound fatigue and physical weakness.

Assistance required with all Activities of Daily Living.

Notes to Table 8.5.

1. Signs of liver disease include: the stigmata of liver disease (spider angiomata, palmarerythema, and gynaecomastia); jaundice; palpably enlarged liver; evidence of abnormal liver size on ultrasound; evidence of intrahepatic lesions on ultrasound or positive antibodies to any of the viruses known to have the potential to cause chronic liver disease.

2. Jaundice does not include a mild elevation of plasma bilirubin with normal liver enzymes.

3. Liver function tests include estimates of total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT).

4. All the criteria, both major and minor, must be present before a particular WPI rating can be allocated. However, liver biopsy is not mandatory and should not be undertaken solely for the purpose of permanent impairment assessment. Where liver biopsy has not been undertaken the histological criteria may be disregarded.

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8.6 Biliary Tract

Table 8.6: Biliary Tract

See note to Table 8.6 immediately following Table.

% WPI

Criteria

0

Cholecystectomy with no biliary tract sequelae.

10

History of biliary type pain without identifiable biliary disease;

or

Documented history of one to three episodes of biliary colic per year with identifiable biliary disease.

20

Documented history of four to six episodes of biliary colic per year with identifiable biliary disease.

30

Documented history of more than six episodes of biliary colic per year with identifiable biliary disease.

40

Permanent irreparable obstruction of the hepatic or common bile duct with recurrent cholangitis or permanent stent.

50

Permanent common bile duct obstruction with progressive liver disease manifest as persistent jaundice with intermittent hepatic insufficiency.

65

Permanent common bile duct obstruction with progressive liver disease manifest as persistent jaundice and hepatic insufficiency.

75

Permanent and irreparable common bile duct obstruction with advanced liver disease manifest as persistent jaundice and hepatic insufficiency.




Note to Table 8.6.

1. Biliary tract dysfunction should only be assessed after cholecystectomy or other appropriate biliary tract surgery, except where there are sound medical reasons for not undertaking surgery.

8.7 Hernias of the Abdominal Wall

Table 8.7: Hernias of the Abdominal Wall

See note to Table 8.7 immediately following Table.

% WPI

Criteria

5

Palpable abdominal wall defect with slight protrusion, with increased abdominal pressure, and readily reducible.

10

Palpable abdominal wall defect with frequent or persistent protrusion, with increased abdominal pressure, manually reducible.

25

Palpable abdominal wall defect with persistent, irreducible or irreparable protrusion at the site of defect, limitation to Activities of Daily Living.

Note to Table 8.7

1. Hernias should be assessed only after surgical repair, except where there are sound medical reasons for repair not being undertaken.